ABDOMINAL HERNIAE
aborashyd83 A hernia is the protrusion of an organ through its containing wall. The term can be applied to the herniation of a muscle through its fascial covering, to the herniation…
Basal Metabolic Rate
One’s basal metabolism is the energy necessary to carry on all involuntary vital processes while the body is at rest. These processes are respiration, circulation, regulation of body temperature, and…
METABOLISM
After digestion and absorption, nutrients are carried by the blood to the cells of the body. Within the cells, nutrients are changed into energy through a complex process called metabolism.…
ABSORPTION
After digestion, the next major step in the body’s use of its food is absorption. Absorption is the passage of nutrients into the blood or lymphatic system (the lymphatic vessels…
Digestion
Digestion begins in the mouth, where the food is broken into smaller pieces by the teeth and mixed with saliva . At this point, each mouthful of food that is…
Nephrotic syndrome
Defi nition The nephrotic syndrome is a triad of:•proteinuria >3g/24h (P:CR >300mg/mmol, A:CR >250mg/mmol, p294)•hypoalbuminaemia (usually <30g/L, can be <10g/L) •oedema. Aetiology Primary renal disease or secondary to a systemic…
Bartter syndrome
Bartter syndrome is a group of very similar kidney disorders that cause an imbalance of potassium, sodium, chloride, and related molecules in the body. In some cases, Bartter syndrome becomes…
Structural and Functional Changes in Aging Kidneys
Aging is associated with significant changes in structure and function of the kidney, even in the absence of age-related comorbidities. On the macrostructural level, kidney cortical volume decreases, surface roughness…
OBESITY CAUSES
Diet The amount of energy intake relative to energy expenditure is the central reason for the development of obesity. However, diet composition also may be variably important in its pathogenesis.…
anemia of chronic disease
Anemia of inflammation, also called anemia of chronic disease or ACD, is a type of anemia that affects people who have conditions that cause inflammation, such as infections, autoimmune diseases,…