Infection is a leading cause of hospitalization and death in hemodialysis patients. Bloodstream infections are a particularly severe form of infection that can occur in these patients.It estimate that about…
Metformin NSAIDs Nephrotoxic antimicrobials
Small molecules <500 urea (60), creatinine (113), phosphate (134) Middle molecules 500-15000 vitamin B12 (1355), vancomycin (1448), insulin (5200), endotoxin fragments (1000-15000), β2-microgobulin (11818) Large molecules >15000 myoglobin (17000), EPO…
pulmonary edema: main manifestation: severe dyspnea with dry cough, Intense sweating, irritable, severe hypertension basic treatment in emergency room till dialysis begins: o2 therapy in high concentration Lasix high dose…
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter insertion can be accomplished by any 1 of 3 techniques.These include dissective or surgical, the blind or modified Seldinger, and laparoscopic techniques.The dissective technique solely utilized…
Fibrin sheath develops around the catheter.The sheath acts like a one-way valve and prevents adequate and free pulling of blood through the catheter.The fibrin sheath can be disrupted either with…
Complement Activation Complement activation products include: anaphylatoxins such as C3a, which may cause allergic reactions during dialysis, and can also lead to acute intradialytic pulmonary hypertension,chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, and…
Depression is a feeling of deep, deep sadness, despondency, and dejection.It negatively affects how we feel, the way we think, and how we act.It causes feelings of sadness and/or a…
Many of us don’t realize the physical damage that anxiety and depression can cause. Because we are already in a weakened state, this damage can be more severe on us…
Pericarditis some of brand new patients who start dialysis may have pericarditis due to uremia before to therapy or may develop after some period of therapy mainly due to unadequate…
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