NOISE TRAUMA
aborashyd83is the second most common cause of sensory hearing lossSounds exceeding 85 dB are potentially injurious to the cochlea, especially with prolonged exposuresThe loss typically begins in the high frequencies…
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSISHistory of cigarette smokingChronic cough, dyspnea, and sputum productionRhonchi, decreased intensity of breath sounds, and prolonged expiration on physical examinationAirflow limitation on pulmonary function testing that is not…
HEARING AMPLIFICATION
Patients with hearing loss not correctable by medical therapy may benefit from hearing amplificationContemporary hearing aids are comparatively free of distortion and have been miniaturized to the point where they…
TRACHEOSTOMY CRICOTHYROTOMY
There are two primary indications for tracheotomy: airway obstruction at or above the level of the larynx and respiratory failure requiring prolonged mechanical ventilationIn an acute emergency, cricothyrotomy secures an…
INVERTED PAPILLOMAS
are benign tumors caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) that usually arise on the lateral nasal wallThey present with unilateral nasal obstruction and occasionally hemorrhageThey are often easily seen on ante…
HIV RETINOPATHY
and microaneurysms but may also lead to reduced contrast sensitivity and retinal nerve fiber layer and outer retinal damage (HIV neuroretinal disorder)CMV retinitis is less common since the availability of…
SIALADENITIS
Acute bacterial sialadenitis most commonly affects either the parotid or submandibular glandIt typically presents with acute swelling of the gland, increased pain and swelling with meals, and tenderness and erythema…
HEARING LOSS CONDUCTIVE AND SENSORINEURAL
Most commonly due to cerumen impaction, transient eustachian tube dysfunction from upper respiratory tract infection, or age-related hearing lossClassification & Epidemiology categorizes hearing loss as normal, mild, moderate, severe, and…
ALLERGIC EYE DISEASE
Allergic eye disease is common and takes a number of different forms but all are expressions of atopy, which may also manifest as atopic asthma, atopic dermatitis, or allergic rhinitis.…
TRAUMA TO THE MIDDLE EAR
Tympanic membrane perforation may result from impact injury or explosive acoustic traumaSpontaneous healing occurs in most casesPersistent perforation may result from secondary infection brought on by exposure to waterPatients should…