DESCRIPTION
Ampicillin – Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic. Dicloxacillin – One of the penicillins which is resistant to penicillinase.
CATEGORIES
Ampicillin – Anti-Bacterial Agents,Penicillins. Dicloxacillin – Anti-Bacterial Agents,Penicillins.
CHEMICAL FORMULA
Ampicillin – C16H19N3O4S, Dicloxacillin – C19H17Cl2N3O5S.
COMPOSITION
Ampicillin 250 mg + Dicloxacillin 250 mg
INDICATION
Ampicillin – For treatment of infection (Respiratory, GI, UTI and meningitis) due to E. coli, P. mirabilis, enterococci, Shigella, S. typhosa and other Salmonella, nonpenicillinase-producing N. gononhoeae, H. influenzae, staphylococci, streptococci including streptoc . Dicloxacillin – Used to treat infections caused by penicillinase-producing staphylococci which have demonstrated susceptibility to the drug.
PHARMACODYNAMICS
Ampicillin – Ampicillin is a penicillin beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually gram-positive, organisms. The name “penicillin” can either refer to several variants of penicillin available, or to the group of antibiotics derived from the penicillins. Ampicillin has in vitro activity against gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The bactericidal activity of Ampicillin results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and is mediated through Ampicillin binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). Ampicillin is stable against hydrolysis by a variety of beta-lactamases, including penicillinases, and cephalosporinases and extended spectrum beta-lactamases. Dicloxacillin – Dicloxacillin is a beta-lactamase resistant penicillin similar to oxacillin. Dicloxacillin has in vitro activity against gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The bactericidal activity of dicloxacillin results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and is mediated through dicloxacillin binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). Dicloxacillin is stable against hydrolysis by a variety of beta-lactamases, including penicillinases, and cephalosporinases and extended spectrum beta-lactamases.
MECHANISM
Ampicillin – By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, Ampicillin inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that Ampicillin interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. Dicloxacillin – Dicloxacillin exerts a bactericidal action against penicillin-susceptible microorganisms during the state of active multiplication. All penicillins inhibit the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall. By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, dicloxacillin inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that dicloxacillin interferes with an autolysin inhibitor.
ABSORPTION
Dicloxacillin – Absorption of the isoxazolyl penicillins after oral administration is rapid but incomplete: peak blood levels are achieved in 1-1.5 hours. Oral absorption of cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin and nafcillin is delayed when the drugs are administered after meals.
METABOLISM
Ampicillin – 12 to 50%. Dicloxacillin – Hepatic.
ELIMINATION
Ampicillin – Ampicillin is excreted largely unchanged in the urine. Dicloxacillin – Dicloxacillin sodium is rapidly excreted as unchanged drug in the urine by glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion.
HALF LIFE
Ampicillin – approx 1 hour. Dicloxacillin – The elimination half-life for dicloxacillin is about 0.7 hour.
TOXICITY
Dicloxacillin – Oral LD50 in rat is 3579 mg/kg. Symptoms of overexposure include irritation, rash, labored breathing, hives, itching, wheezing, nausea, chills, and fever.
FOOD INTERACTIONS
avoid alcohol
SIDE EFFECTS
Ampicillin – Upset stomach or throwing up. Many small meals, good mouth care, sucking hard, sugar-free candy, or chewing sugar-free gum may help. – Loose stools (diarrhea). Yogurt or probiotics may help. – You may get these products at health food stores or in some pharmacies. – For women, vaginal yeast infection. Report itching or discharge. Dicloxacillin – Upset stomach or throwing up. Many small meals, good mouth care, sucking hard, sugar-free candy, or chewing sugar-free gum may help. Loose stools (diarrhea). Yogurt or probiotics may help. You may get these products at health food stores or in some pharmacies. For women, vaginal yeast infection. Report itching or discharge.