TRACHEOSTOMY CRICOTHYROTOMY
aborashyd83 There are two primary indications for tracheotomy: airway obstruction at or above the level of the larynx and respiratory failure requiring prolonged mechanical ventilationIn an acute emergency, cricothyrotomy secures an…
2022
INVERTED PAPILLOMAS
are benign tumors caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) that usually arise on the lateral nasal wallThey present with unilateral nasal obstruction and occasionally hemorrhageThey are often easily seen on ante…
HIV RETINOPATHY
and microaneurysms but may also lead to reduced contrast sensitivity and retinal nerve fiber layer and outer retinal damage (HIV neuroretinal disorder)CMV retinitis is less common since the availability of…
SIALADENITIS
Acute bacterial sialadenitis most commonly affects either the parotid or submandibular glandIt typically presents with acute swelling of the gland, increased pain and swelling with meals, and tenderness and erythema…
HEARING LOSS CONDUCTIVE AND SENSORINEURAL
Most commonly due to cerumen impaction, transient eustachian tube dysfunction from upper respiratory tract infection, or age-related hearing lossClassification & Epidemiology categorizes hearing loss as normal, mild, moderate, severe, and…
ALLERGIC EYE DISEASE
Allergic eye disease is common and takes a number of different forms but all are expressions of atopy, which may also manifest as atopic asthma, atopic dermatitis, or allergic rhinitis.…
TRAUMA TO THE MIDDLE EAR
Tympanic membrane perforation may result from impact injury or explosive acoustic traumaSpontaneous healing occurs in most casesPersistent perforation may result from secondary infection brought on by exposure to waterPatients should…
EARACHE
Earache can be caused by a variety of otologic problems, but external otitis and acute otitis media are the most commonDifferentiation of the two should be apparent by pneumatic otoscopyPain…
HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS
Herpes zoster frequently involves the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. It presents with malaise, fever, headache, and periorbital burning and itching. These symptoms may precede the eruption by a…
ACUTE VIRAL RHINOSINUSITIS COMMON COLD
ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSISNasal congestion, clear rhinorrhea, and hyposmiaAssociated malaise, headache, and coughErythematous, engorged nasal mucosa without intranasal purulenceSymptoms are self-limited, lasting less than 4 weeks and typically less than 10…