NITRATES
aborashyd83Nitrates are antianginals. They relax vascular smooth muscle with a resultant decrease in venous return and decrease in arterial blood pressure, which reduces left ventricular workload and decreases myocardial oxygen…
ACE INHIBITORS
ACE inhibitors block ACE in the lungs from converting angiotensin I, activated when renin is released from the kidneys, to angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor. Blocking this conversion leads to…
What the most trouble Challenges dialysis patient face on affect outcomes
The one, and the only one challenge face the dialysis patients is the blood access. It is role of the thump, good blood access good dialysis general condition patients The blood access…
Signs and symptoms treated by dialysis
Low blood pressure (hypotension). will improve with improvement of cardiac ejection fraction Muscle cramps and numbness. Usually improve by rebalance of the body electrolytes Itching. This is the most annoying complain, may improve…
The benefit of staring dialysis
By doing three times per week, he will under closed medical supervision all dialysis time. By three times dialysis, extra fluid will be eliminate every other day. This improve respiratory status, improve o2 saturation…
Red blood cells indices
RBC indices 1. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) a. Definition: The MCV is the average volume of the RBCs. b. Frequently used to classify anemia into a: (1) microcytic anemia: MCV…
Erythropoiesis and erythropoietin
Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells (RBCs) in the bone marrow. Erythropoiesis is dependent on the release of erythropoietin (EPO) from the kidneys EPO is synthesized in the…
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
CHF is a heart that fails when it is unable to eject blood delivered to it by the venous system. The inferior vena cava (IVC) empties blood into the right…
Ventricular Hypertrophy
Ventricular hypertrophy is a compensatory change related to alterations in pressure and/or volume imposed on the wall of the ventricle. Pathogenesis of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and right ventricular hypertrophy…
Hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic disorders
Serum Na+ concentration (mEq/L) approximates the ratio of the total body Na+ (TBNa+) tothe TBW.a. Serum Na+ ≈ TBNa+/TBW(1) TBNa+ is the sum total of all ECF Na+ (vascular compartment…