ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder): Complete Guide
1. What is ADHD?
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by:
- Persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity
- Functional impairment in multiple settings (school, work, relationships)
- Onset before age 12 (often diagnosed in childhood)
Key Fact:
ADHD affects ~5% of children and 2.5% of adults worldwide (WHO data).
2. ADHD Types (DSM-5 Classification)
| Type | Core Symptoms | Example Behaviors |
|---|---|---|
| Combined Type | Both inattention AND hyperactivity | Fidgeting + forgetfulness |
| Inattentive Type | Primarily attention difficulties | Daydreaming, losing items |
| Hyperactive Type | Primarily impulsivity/hyperactivity | Interrupting, can’t stay seated |
Note:
- Formerly called “ADD” = Inattentive Type
- 70% of childhood cases persist into adulthood
3. Symptoms by Age Group
Children (6-12 years)
- Academic struggles (careless mistakes)
- Can’t wait their turn in games
- Excessive talking
Teens (13-18 years)
- Risky behaviors (speeding, substance experimentation)
- Emotional dysregulation
- Chronic procrastination
Adults
- Career instability (frequent job changes)
- Relationship conflicts (forgetting anniversaries)
- “Time blindness” (chronic lateness)
4. Causes & Risk Factors
- Genetics: 75% heritability (linked to DRD4 and DAT1 genes)
- Brain Differences: Smaller prefrontal cortex, dopamine dysregulation
- Environmental: Premature birth, lead exposure, maternal smoking
Myth Buster:
❌ “ADHD is caused by bad parenting” → False (but parenting strategies help manage symptoms)
5. Diagnosis Process
Step 1: Rule out other conditions (anxiety, learning disabilities)
Step 2: Use standardized tools:
- For Children: Vanderbilt Assessment, Conners Scale
- For Adults: ASRS (Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale)
Step 3: DSM-5 criteria requires symptoms in ≥2 settings (e.g., home + school)
6. Evidence-Based Treatments
Medication
- Stimulants: Methylphenidate (Ritalin), Amphetamines (Adderall)
- Non-Stimulants: Atomoxetine (Strattera), Guanfacine (Intuniv)
Therapies
- Behavioral Therapy (CBT): For emotional regulation
- Parent Training: For childhood ADHD management
- Organizational Coaching: For adults (time management systems)
Lifestyle Strategies
- Exercise (boosts dopamine)
- Protein-rich diets
- Noise-canceling headphones for focus
7. ADHD vs. Similar Conditions
| Condition | Key Difference |
|---|---|
| Anxiety Disorders | Worry is primary (vs. attention in ADHD) |
| Bipolar Disorder | Episodic mood swings (ADHD is constant) |
| Autism Spectrum | Social communication deficits (not in ADHD) |
Resources to Link: