Formerly known as manic depression, bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme mood swings between highs (mania) and lows (depression). The underlying cause is unknown, but it is believed to involve chemical abnormalities in the brain.
Genetic factors may also be involved, because the disorder sometimes runs in families.
Typically, symptoms of mania and depression alternate, with normal periods in between.
Symptoms of a manic episode may include elation, inflated self-esteem (which may lead to delusions of wealth, power, or accomplishment), increased energy, poor concentration, loss of inhibitions, and sometimes hallucinations.
During a depressive phase, symptoms include low energy, loss of interest in everyday life, feelings of worthlessness, and loss of hope for the future. Treatment is with medication to stabilize moods, often with psychotherapy. In severe cases, hospital treatment may be needed.
Bipolar disorder is usually a long-term condition