In osteoporosis, there is loss of bone tissue, making the bones thinner and weaker. It is a natural part of aging, but women are especially vulnerable after menopause because their ovaries no longer produce estrogen, which helps to maintain bone mass.
Other risk factors for developing osteoporosis include a diet low in calcium; disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, hyperthyroidism, and chronic kidney disease; long-term corticosteroid treatment; prolonged immobility; and smoking. The first sign of osteoporosis is typically a fracture, often at the wrist or top of the thigh bone near the hip joint.
Sometimes, one or more vertebrae may fracture and crumble, leading to pain and progressive loss of height. Treatment is with calcium and vitamin D supplements, regular exercise to build up and maintain bone strength, and medication to help prevent bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures.
Hormone replacement therapy may also be suggested for some postmenopausal women, but it is not generally recommended because of the increased risk of adverse effects from long-term use, such as breast cancer.